Examinando por Materia "Incidence"

Mostrando 1 - 19 de 19

Acceso abierto
Aspiration of subglottic secretions as an effective alternative for the prevention of pneumonia in patients with mechanical ventilation
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2020-02-29) Costa Pisfil, Erika Amavila; Elías Garcia, Karen Pamela; Avila Vargas Machuca, Jeannette Giselle
Objectives Systematize evidence on the effectiveness of subglottic aspirations for reducing pneumonia in patients with mechanical ventilation. Materials and Methods: Observational and retrospective systematic review, the search was based exclusively on articles with full text, and the chosen studies were subjected to a critical reading, based on the GRADE evaluation to identify their level of evidence. In the selection, 10 articles were chosen, of which 20% (2/10) correspond to the United States, 20% (2/10) Australia, 10% (1/10) to India, 20% (2/10) ) Canada, 10% (1/10) China, 10% (1/10) France and 10% (1/10) Belgium. Of these there are 2 systematic reviews, 4 meta-analyses, 3 clinical trials and 1 control study, all of high quality. Results: Of the 10 articles reviewed, 100% (10/10) demonstrated that aspiration of subglottic secretions reduces the incidence of pneumonia and edema problems compared to tracheal aspirations. Conclusions: It was shown that aspiration of subglottic secretions is effective in reducing the risk of pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation.
Acceso abierto
Determination of the appropriate concentration for oral hygiene with Chlorhexidine in the prevention of pneumonia in intubated patients in the intensive care unit
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 1905-07-09) Chavalía Cóello, Diana Elizabeth; Menacho Vergara, Lissette Carolina; Gómez Gonzales, Walter Edgar
Objective: Determine the best concentration of chlorhexidine used to perform oral hygiene to prevent pneumonia in intubated patients. Materials and Methods: Systematic reviews are an observational and meta-analysis research design, which synthesizes the results of multiple primary investigations. They are an essential part of evidence-based nursing due to their rigorous methodology, which is why a systematic review was carried out with articles in English and Spanish indexed in Cochrane, Embase, Lilacs, Pubmed, Medline, identifying relevant studies to answer specific questions of clinical practice. Results: The SCHEFFE statistical test indicated that of oral hygiene, chlorhexidine showed a statistically significant difference over other forms of hygiene in the reduction of the number of bacterial colonies (p<0.001). The only effect on reducing VAP was found when 0.12% chlorhexidine was used, used in cardiovascular surgery, where Chlorhexidine is used from preoperatively. Conclusions: Oral care, cleaning and antisepsis is a useful strategy for the prevention of pneumonia associated with intubated patients; It was also determined that 0.12% chlorhexidine was effective in reducing colonization of the oropharynx and the incidence of pneumonia associated with intubated patients.
Acceso abierto
Effective nursing interventions for the prevention of pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 1905-07-09) Cusi Delgado, Libia; Solis Ramos, Melody; Bonilla Asalde, César Antonio
Objective:Analyze the evidence on effective nursing interventions for the prevention of pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation.Methodology:The search was carried out in the Pubmed, Cochrane, Elsevier, Lilacs, Scielo and Google Scholar database of articles published between 2012 and 2017 whose main theme is effective nursing interventions in the prevention of pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation. Results: Of 10 scientific reviews, 100% are of quality high, of the total of systematic reviews, 6 articles conclude that oral hygiene with chlorhexidine reduces the incidence of pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation, 4 articles conclude that elevation of the head of 30|-60° reduces the incidence of pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation. mechanical ventilation, 3 articles conclude that aspiration and management of secretions reduces pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation and 1 article concludes that abdominal massage and post-pyloric feeding reduce the risk of pneumonia associated with ventilation. mechanics.Conclusion:Effective nursing interventions for the prevention of pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation include oral cavity hygiene with chlorhexidine, elevation of the head of the head 30°-60°, aspiration and management of secretions, post-pyloric feeding and the abdominal massage.
Acceso abierto
Effectiveness of aspiration of subglottic secretions in adult patients with artificial airway to reduce complications
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2019-09-22) Vila Poma, Ted Jhon; Villanueva Valverde, Arturo Oscar; Rivera Lozada de Bonilla, Oriana
Objectives: Systematize the evidence on the effectiveness of aspiration of subglottic secretions in adult patients with an artificial airway to reduce complications. Methodology and method: systematic and retrospective review studies, subjected to critical reading and using the GRADE evaluation system to identify the degree of evidence of articles published in PubMed, Sciencedirect, Epistemonikos, Scielo, Researchgate. Results: 80% indicate that aspiration of subglottic secretions is effective in adult patients with an artificial airway to reduce complications. 20% indicate that aspiration of subglottic secretions is not effective. Conclusions: With the aspiration of subglottic secretions, the incidence of pneumonia associated with the ventilator was reduced, and there was a decrease in the incidence of hospital stay.
Acceso abierto
Effectiveness of the use of saline solution compared to the use of heparinized solution to patent the arterial line and avoid obstructions in intensive care unit patients
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2020-02-16) Murillo Solis, Jufet Fabriccio; Arce Condor, Miguel Angel; Uturunco Vera, Milagros Lizbeth
Objective: Systematize the evidence about the effectiveness of the use of saline solution compared to the use of heparinized solution to permeabilize the arterial line and avoid obstructions in intensive care unit patients. Method: Review A review of the evidence available in the databases: MEDLINE, PUBMED, SCIELO AND COCHRANE LIBRARY has been carried out, from the years 2010 to 2019; Randomized, quasi-experimental, cross-sectional clinical trials on the use of heparin versus the use of saline to improve the patency of arterial catheters were included. Results: 10 articles were found, which discuss, compare and analyze the use of heparin to improve arterial catheter patency. Conclusions: Studies show that the use of heparin is associated with a lower incidence of arterial catheter obstruction, also increasing its average life and improving its duration. However, some articles showed little difference when choosing whichever solution was used.
Acceso abierto
Efficacy of a closed suction system compared with open suction system on hemodynamic changes in patients with mechanical ventilation
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2017-12-03) Ganto Yarasca, Rosario; Bonilla Asalde, César Antonio
Objectives: Systematize the evidence on hemodynamic changes in patients with mechanical ventilation as a consequence of the use of the closed aspiration system and the open aspiration system. Methodology: Observational and retrospective systematic review, the research has been restricted to articles with full text, the selected articles were subjected to a critical reading, using Jover's evaluation to identify their degree of evidence. Results: After the review, very diverse related research was obtained. In the final selection, 10 articles were selected corresponding to Brazil and Iran with 3 articles each, Turkey with 2 and Australia and Holland with 1 article each comparatively. Conclusions: It was shown that in the studies analyzed there is evidence on the effectiveness of a system closed suction system compared to the open suction system in the hemodynamic changes of patients with mechanical ventilation, 60% (6/10) demonstrated an incidence in hemodynamic changes, while 40% (4/10) do not accept hemodynamic changes or no significant changes were recorded in the use of both systems. Recommendations from consensus and specialists suggest the importance of monitoring hemodynamic changes that may occur in patients during the aspiration procedure, regardless of whether it is performed with the closed system or the open system to prevent complications. They recommend the closed aspiration system as safer. And they clarify that nursing staff should not perform aspiration as part of a scheduled routine due to possible adverse effects.
Acceso abierto
Efficacy of Citrate Versus Heparin Anticoagulation in Decreasing Bleeding in Patients With Acute Renal Failure on Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 1905-07-09) Cabanillas Huamán, Augusto Enrique; Rosas Casique, Diana Beatriz; Remuzgo Artezano, Anika
Objective: Systematize the evidence on the effectiveness of citrate anticoagulation versus heparin to reduce bleeding in patients with acute renal failure on continuous renal replacement therapy. Results: The results obtained from the systematic reviews show that of the total of 10 scientific articles reviewed, 100% (n=10/10) report that the use of citrate anticoagulation is more effective compared to the use of heparin. , show that the implementation of a protocol, and the choice of first-line use of citrate anticoagulation is safe, and has more advantages than heparin, because it presents a lower risk of bleeding complications. and/or bleeding. Fernández states that the incidence of hemorrhage was (0% vs. 10.3%). Zhang indicated that citrate is able to reduce the risk of bleeding 0.28 (95% CI 0.15 0.50). Wu reported a statistically significant decrease in bleeding (RR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0, 17-0.65). Conclusions: 100% (n=10/10) show that the use of citrate anticoagulation is more effective compared to the use of heparin, because it significantly reduces the risk and complications of hemorrhage and/or bleeding.
Acceso abierto
Efficacy of continuous bladder irrigation in the management of Hematuria
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 1905-07-09) Rojas Reyes, Luz; Sanchez Espejo, Eloisa Ada; Gómez Gonzales, Walter Edgar
Objective: Determine the effectiveness and uses of continuous bladder irrigation in the management of urological events. Materials and methods: Systematic Reviews are an observational and retrospective research design, which synthesizes the results of multiple primary investigations. They are an essential part of evidence-based nursing due to their rigorous methodology, identifying relevant studies to answer specific questions of clinical practice. Results: The reviewed articles were found in the databases Scielo, Dialnet, Ebsco, Lilacs, the results show that there is a lower incidence of immediate postoperative complications inherent to the operation of the urethrovesical catheter, in patients left without irrigation, likewise the average day in the hospital stay of these patients was shorter, concluding that continuous bladder irrigation as a post-prostatectomy treatment is not essential. The other authors also agree that the use of continuous bladder irrigation as a treatment using a continuous antibiotic regimen is recommended. Conclusions: The reviewed articles show that continuous bladder irrigation as a post-prostatectomy treatment and intervention is not essential in patients. The use of continuous bladder irrigation as a treatment using a continuous antibiotic regimen is recommended, it reduces hospital stay, reduces fever and quickly improves the patient's general conditions as well as making cultures negative in a shorter period of time. The management of hematuria of bladder origin through continuous bladder irrigation as a treatment with the application of intravesical bismuth solution is effective in shortening the time of hematuria control.
Acceso abierto
Efficacy of high-level disinfection in safe disinfection of endoscopes
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 1905-07-09) Rubio Ampuero, Rosa Elena; Gómez Gonzales, Walter Edgar
Objective: Determine the effectiveness of High Level Disinfection (HLD) in the safe disinfection of endoscopes. Methodology: Systematic review whose population is made up of 06 published and indexed scientific articles, data collection was carried out through Lilacs, Scielo, Cochrane Plus, Medline, the analysis was carried out through a summary table, evaluating the quality of evidence and strength of recommendation in a critical and intensive manner for each article according to the established technical criteria, guaranteeing compliance with ethical principles. Results: At the national level, the Herediana Medical Journal concludes that the bacterial load before the cleaning and disinfection process of 50 endoscopes was positive in 88% and after the process positive in 26%. At the international level, the Chilean Journal of Infectology refers to infections exogenous pneumonias such as post-bronchoscopy pneumonia, which reach incidence rates, according to the authors, between 0.6% and 6.9% of the procedures.(6).The Spanish Society of Gastroenterology refers in 02 studies that DAN is not sufficient, both for endoscopes and accessories. The predominant bacteria in the positive cultures were Pseudomona Aeruginosa and Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Conclusion: The systematic review shows that DAN is not sufficient for the safe disinfection of endoscopes in sterilization centers.
Acceso abierto
Efficacy of the use of adhesives with chlorhexidine for central venous catheters, in the prevention of bacteremia in patients in intensive care units
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 1905-07-09) Caballero Malaver, Mónica Elena; Samanamú Mauricio, Gabriela Cecilia; Gómez Gonzales, Walter Edgar
Objective: Determine the effectiveness of the use of chlorhexidine dressings for central venous catheters, for the prevention of bacteremia in patients in intensive care units. Materials and methods: Systematic Review, observational and retrospective research design, the search has been restricted to articles with full text, and the selected articles were subjected to a critical reading according to the degree of evidence that synthesizes the results of 01 Meta-analysis and 03 scientific articles that demonstrate the powerful bactericidal activity of the use of dressings with Chlorhexidine for central venous catheters as a preventive measure against bloodstream infections. Results: 1 meta-analysis and 3 articles were chosen in which we found that 50% (02) correspond to the United States with 25% (01), we find France and Israel with 25% (01) respectively. Of the total number of articles analyzed, 100% affirm the effectiveness of the use of dressings with chlorhexidine for CVC in the prevention of bacteremia and infections. The meta-analysis included 9 primary studies that showed a significant reduction in the incidence of infections due to colonization of the central venous catheter as well as bloodstream infection. A randomized trial demonstrated that the use of dressings impregnated with Chlorhexidine gel decreases the rate of CRF in ICU patients with a central venous catheter. A prospective comparative trial provided excellent results of bactericidal and antimicrobial action of the use of transparent dressings impregnated with CHG and finally a randomized controlled study was carried out in a pediatric cardiac intensive unit where gluconate sponge impregnated with chlorhexidine is safe and significantly reduces rates. of CVC colonization in infants and children after cardiac surgery. Conclusion: It was evident in the reviewed research that there is effectiveness in the use of adhesives with chlorhexidine for venous catheters in the prevention of bacteremia since it reduces the percentages of bacteremia associated with central venous catheters, therefore reducing hospital stay, deaths and costs. .
Acceso abierto
Epidemiological characteristics and factors associated with cesarean section at the Maternal and Child Center José Carlos Mariátegui from August 2016 to July 2017
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2018-01-15) Rojas Morón, Miriam Danaiz; Vargas Arzubiaga, Carla Stephany; Rodriguez Chávez, Carlos Leonidas
Caesarean section is a common surgical intervention in the world that allows saving human lives; it is performed without clinical indications. The general objective is the epidemiological characteristics and factors associated with cesarean section. Furthermore, it was a non-experimental, observational, mixed, retrospective cross-sectional research. The sample consisted of 122 medical records. The results were analyzed in the statistical program SPSS version 21, finding an incidence of 45.97% of dystocic births. With respect to epidemiological characteristics, age, 27.87% of patients are between 30-34 years old and 8.2% are between 15-19 years old. Regarding parity, 38.52% of patients have second digestion and 3.28% are highly multiparous. Marital status: 36.07% are cohabiting and 30.33% are married. Level of education: 37.7% of patients have secondary school and 19.67% have higher education. Occupation: 54.9% are independent and only 11.48% are students. Origin 66.39% are from the coastal area and 0.82% are from abroad In maternal factors associated with cesarean section, 48.36% had a previous cesarean section and 1.64% had soft tissue dystocias. In relation to fetal factors associated with cesarean section, 55.74% did not have any fetal indication for cesarean section and 1.64% had malformations. In relation to mixed factors associated with cesarean section, 95.9% did not have any mixed indication for cesarean section and 0.82% had preeclampsia. Finally, in anesthetic, infectious, surgical and hemorrhagic complications, 100% did not have any of them.
Acceso abierto
Factors associated with complications after insertion of invasive catheters
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 1905-07-09) Bulnes Reyna, Marcela Estela; Mantilla Lara, Carmen Isabel; Gómez Gonzales, Walter Edgar
Objective: Establish the factors associated with complications after insertion of invasive catheters. Material and Method: Observational and retrospective systematic review, the search has been restricted to articles with full text, and the selected articles were subjected to a critical reading, using Jover's evaluation to identify their degree of evidence. Results: The population was made up of the bibliographic review of 02 systematic reviews and 08 scientific articles published and indexed in scientific databases, no older than five years and that respond to articles published in Spanish, we found that 20 % (02) correspond to Chile, with 30% (03) we find Spain, while with 10% (05) we find Washington, Wisconsin, Brazil, Mexico and Costa Rica respectively. Most of the quantitative, transversal, experimental and quasi-experimental studies have been studied with 80%, mainly in the countries of Costa Rica, Brazil, Mexico and Spain. Among systematic reviews we find the country of Chile and Wisconsin, with 20%. Conclusions: Among the factors associated with complications we found in 80% of the studies high blood pressure, condition of the catheter, sex, obesity, diabetes mellitus, as for the pathologies according to the studies found were pneumonia, neonatal sepsis, meningitis and perinatal asphyxia; The most frequently found microorganisms were Staphylococcus coagulase (-), Pseudomona sp. and Candida sp. and that greater education of health professionals decreases the incidence of primary bloodstream infections and a substantial decrease in the patient's health care costs.
Acceso abierto
Frecuencia de capacidad funcional en adultos mayores de una casa hogar. Lima. 2024
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2025-03-25) Chavez Bernuy, Edith Alejandra; Puma Chombo, Jorge Eloy
En la actualidad el incremento de la población de adultos mayores ha aumentado por lo que es relevante evaluar la condición física y funcional en los AM determinar el nivel de autonomía para realizar actividades cotidianas que durante el tiempo se presenta la incidencia de dificultades física y dependencia que pueden hacer que la calidad de vida se valla deteriorando. Objetivos: Identificar la frecuencia de Capacidad Funcional en Adultos Mayores Metodología: Se utilizó como instrumento el índice Barthel para la Capacidad Funcional en Adultos Mayores conjuntamente con una ficha de recolección de datos. La población estuvo conformada por 70 Adultos Mayores El método de estudio de enfoque cuantitativo, deductivo, diseño no experimental, tipo aplicada, observacional y corte transversal. El análisis de los datos se realizó con el SPSS 0.27 Resultados: En función de las características sociodemográficas predomino el género 57.1% masculino se observó un porcentaje 38,6 % 71 a 80 años ,38,6% 81 a 90 años. Se obtuvo que la capacidad funcional presento el 42,9 % leve, 42,9 % moderado, 12,9 % grave y 1,4 % independiente. Conclusiones: Se obtuvo que la capacidad funcional presento leve y moderado en los adultos mayores.
Acceso abierto
Incidence and maternal and fetal factors in puerperae diagnosed with preterm labor attended at San Juan de Lurigancho Hospital, January – December 2017
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2017-11-14) Tito Baraona, Karen Brenda; Vallenas Godoy, Aurora Laura; Solís Arias, Franklin Arturo
Preterm birth is a public health problem worldwide and nationally and is the most important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The objective of the study was to determine the incidence and maternal and fetal factors in postpartum women with a diagnosis of preterm birth treated at the San Juan de Lurigancho Hospital from January to December 2017. It was an observational, descriptive and retrospective investigation, 52 medical records were reviewed. that met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The result was analyzed in the statistical program SPSS version 25, and an incidence of 0.89% was found, 100% was between 32 to 36 weeks of gestation. With respect to maternal obstetric factors, a lack of prenatal controls was found in 36.5%; among the pathologies that occurred during pregnancy, mild anemia stood out with 46.2%, uterine tract infection with 26.9%, and then rupture. premature membranes and hypertension induced by pregnancy both with 23.1% and in the history abortion with 19.2%. In addition, in fetal factors, cases of intrauterine growth restriction were found with 7.7% and multiple pregnancy with 5.8%. In conclusion, the maternal and fetal factors of preterm birth are the lack of prenatal controls, urinary infections, premature rupture of membranes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, history of abortion, intrauterine growth restriction and multiple pregnancy.
Acceso abierto
Level of compliance with the control card record: Assessment, diagnosis and evolution of pressure ulcer in a level III hospital in Lima
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2020-09-13) Príncipe Cahuana, Ana Ysabel; Pretell Aguilar, Rosa María
LPP is a common adverse event in hospitalized older adult patients with long hospital stays affecting their quality of life. In the ICU the incidence is higher, due to factors such as decreased Glasgow blood pressure, hemodynamic instability, sedation, etc. Nursing clinical records help us systematically document nursing work, they are the means of written communication of the work performed and guarantee the continuity and quality of care. That is why the objective of this study was to determine the level of compliance with the Control Card registry: assessment, diagnosis and evolution of pressure ulcers in a level III public hospital. The cross-sectional observational descriptive method. The population will consist of patients hospitalized in the ICU of the level III hospital, who have LPP and who have control cards. The instrument to be used will be a data collection form.
Acceso abierto
Level of knowledge in basic life support that nursing graduates who work in DIRIS Lima Norte health establishments have in the district of Comas 2020
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2021-08-22) Bustamante Carrasco, José Luis; Basurto Santillán, Ivan Javier
In the world the incidence of cardiac arrest is high. In our country, heart diseases occupy second place among the causes of death. In the city of Lima, the average time it takes for a victim in cardiac arrest to receive life support is 17.2 minutes, after 10 minutes it is generally the prognosis is bad. Health centers and posts, due to their proximity to families, could respond more quickly to this type of emergency, which is why the professional nursing staff who work in these health establishments must be constantly trained and updated in basic life support, guaranteeing an adequate and quick response. The objective is to determine the level of knowledge about basic life support that nursing graduates who work in health centers and posts of the DIRIS Lima Norte in the district of Comas have. This research will have a quantitative approach, in terms of methodological design, it is a cross-sectional descriptive research. A questionnaire-type data collection instrument will be used, prepared based on the basic life support guidelines of the American Heart Association 2015, its 2018 and 2020 updates.
Acceso abierto
Patient safety culture and the relationship with the prevention of adverse events by nursing staff who work in the emergency area in a clinic in Metropolitan Lima, 2022
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2022-03-27) Piscoya Paulino, Mariela Patricia; Avila Vargas Machuca, Jeannette Giselle
The patient safety culture in the emergency area must have staff who are aware of their work both with the patient and with their colleagues, always aiming for teamwork to minimize errors by chance that may harm the patient. As is known, an adverse event is damage or an unexpected outcome to the patient's well-being, associated with healthcare. It may be caused by errors or unexpected responses from the body. Objective: To relate the patient safety culture and the prevention of adverse events by nursing staff in the emergency area of a clinic in Metropolitan Lima. Material and Method: The approach will be quantitative, non-experimental, observational type with a descriptive correlational design and cross-sectional. The population will consist of 25 health professionals, including registered nurses and nursing technicians working within the Metropolitan Lima area. To measure the level of knowledge, a questionnaire and observation, developed by Natali Roxana Mori Yachas, will be applied, with adequate validity of 0.89 and reliability of 0.79 measured by Cronbach's Alpha. For the evaluation of care, observation will be used, and a checklist developed by Natali Mori, with validity of 0.86 and reliability of 0.78, will be applied. The instruments will be administered in person, after prior administration of informed consent. A descriptive and correlational statistical analysis will be performed.
Acceso abierto
Peritoneal dialysis compared to hemodialysis as a predictor of greater survival in kidney transplant patients
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 1905-07-09) Gomez Miranda, Nataly Priscila; Mauricio Revollar, Nadia Mey; Remuzgo Artezano, Anika
Pre-transplant peritoneal dialysis has a higher 5-year survival rate than hemodialysis. It was found that pretransplant patients on peritoneal dialysis had a significantly higher incidence of delayed graft function than hemodialysis patients. 40% (n=4) of the evidence found indicates that peritoneal dialysis may be the most appropriate modality for patients waiting to receive a kidney transplant. Peritoneal dialysis is a predictor of greater survival compared to hemodialysis in kidney transplant patients
Acceso abierto
Risk factors for urinary tract infection in patients with kidney transplants
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 1905-07-09) Hermosa Altez, Martha Elena; Lecca Tapia, Giuliana; Rivera Lozada de Bonilla, Oriana
The present research is an observational and retrospective Systematic Review, the search has been restricted to articles with full text and the selected articles were subjected to critical reading, using the GRADE instrument to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies and determine the degree of the evidence, 10 articles were chosen, we found that 20% of the research found correspond to Brazil, the United States (20%) and 60% to Argentina, Yemen, Pakistan, Mexico, Korea and Spain. Most of the descriptive studies of medium quality of evidence (100%) have been analyzed. Results: The main risk factors associated with UTI are female sex (50%), presence of urethral catheters (30%), immunosuppressive therapy ( 30%). Conclusions: Urinary tract infection is the infection with the highest incidence in kidney transplant recipients and the risk factors are female sex, presence of urethral catheters, and immunosuppressive therapy.