Examinando por Materia "Homicide"

Mostrando 1 - 18 de 18

Acceso abierto
Conocimiento sobre la escena del crimen y desempeño profesional de operadores de justicia del distrito de La Merced, 2021
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2022-01-28) Garibay Ayala, Eulalia; Casana Jara, Kelly Milagritos
This research is of relevant development because it will allow to find the relationship between knowledge about crime scenes and professional performance of the justice operators of the La Merced district. Basic-correlational, non-experimental, with a quantitative approach. Non-probabilistic-stratified sample, with 80 participants. For data collection, questionnaires were applied, which were validated and with high reliability, the Spearman Rho statistic was used for the general and specific inference tests. The results were: 40% of the operators have a low level, 32.50% have a medium level and 27.50% have a high level. Conclusion: there is a relationship (Rho = 0.946), significance p value = 0.000 <0.05 and high positive correlation, dismiss the null hypothesis. Significant relationship between crime scene knowledge and professional performance.
Acceso abierto
Contaminación de la escena del crimen y la identificación dactilar de presuntos autores de homicidios en la jurisdicción policial, Lima Metropolitana-2024
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2025-01-23) Román Tapia, Wilmer Andrés; Jáuregui Montero, José Antonio
In the world, Dactyloscopy is the Fingerprinting is the most effective technique and science for identifying people through the fingerprints on their fingers, because fingerprints are unique; there are no two people in the world with the same fingerprints, even if they are twins; in this sense, the present thesis aims to determine the relationship between crime scene contamination and fingerprint identification of alleged perpetrators of homicides in the police jurisdiction of Metropolitan Lima, given the skyrocketing crime rate and murders by contract killing, extortion, robbery, etc., due to the entry into the country of Venezuelan citizens with extensive criminal records. The research had a quantitative approach, basic type, non experimental design and correlational level, the population consisted of 108 experts and the sample by 85 experts from the DIRCRI-PNP, as a result, it was determined that 55% of the experts surveyed reported that when they arrived at the crime scene, many of them were found contaminated, on the contrary, 16% indicated that they found them in regular condition and 14% indicated that they found them in good condition of isolation and protection, which made it easier for them to find the means of proof to identify the alleged perpetrators of homicides and other crimes. It was concluded that there is a strong and high positive significant relationship, with a degree of correlation of .776 of Spearman's Rho, between the variables under study.
Acceso abierto
Criterios de la pericia psicológica en víctimas de violencia sexual y su implicancia en la sentencia en el Distrito Fiscal del Santa - 2022
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2023-05-29) López Gambini, Loui Gabriel; Montellanos Cabrera, Henry Sam
The objective of the following investigation was to determine the criteria of the psychological expertise in victims of sexual violence and its implications in the sentence in the fiscal district of Santa - 2022. The applied methodology consisted of an investigation with a qualitative approach, of an applied type; the design is descriptive phenomenological. As results, a series of criteria necessary for expert intervention was generated. In conclusion, it was possible to explore qualities necessary for the elaboration of accurate and necessary psychological expertise for its effectiveness, considering them as influential in the support and resolution by the magistrates.
Acceso abierto
Cumplimiento oportuno de la pericia de balística en la investigación preliminar en delitos en flagrancia en las fiscalías provinciales penales corporativas de Los Olivos, 2019
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2022-02-10) Herrera Garcia, Joselin; Casana Jara, Kelly Milagritos
Timely compliance with ballistics expertise is necessary in the preliminary investigation of crimes in flagrante delicto, for its supporting evidence and the importance of the prosecutor to fulfill his function optimally. Purpose. Determine the relationship of the timely compliance with the ballistics expertise in the preliminary investigation of flagrante delicto crimes in the corporate criminal provincial prosecutor's offices of Los Olivos, 2019. Methodology. Deductive method, nonexperimental design - descriptive and basic type. The population was made up of the Tax Folders that were carried out in the Los Olivos Provincial Criminal Criminal Prosecutor's Offices, year 2019; the sample consisted of 100 fiscal folders, constituted in a non-random way for convenience, which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The instrument used was a Data Collection Sheet, prepared by the thesis student in AD-HOC form. Validation was done by Expert judgment and reliability by Cronbach's Alpha. Results. Regarding the timely fulfillment of the ballistics expertise, it does Not comply and in the preliminary investigation It does Not comply by majority in 60%; followed by timely compliance with the ballistics expertise Yes complies, and in the preliminary investigation, Yes complies by 17%. Conclusion. It was concluded that in the timely compliance it does Not comply and in the preliminary investigation it does Not comply, by 60%. There is a relationship between the variables as p-value = 0.000 (p <0.05).
Acceso abierto
Estudio de las características psicopatogénicas y criminalísticas de los asesinos en serie más relevantes de la historia para identificación de autoría. 2021
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2022-11-16) Tarrillo Guevara, Ronal; Montellanos Cabrera, Henry Sam
This research study entitled "Study of the Psychopathogenic and criminalistic characteristics of the most relevant serial killers in history for the identification of authorship.2021", aims to describe the Psychopathogenic and criminalistic characteristics of the most relevant serial killers in history for the identification of authorship. 202. The methodology used in this research was: descriptive method, with a quantitative approach, being the type of applied research, non-experimental design, the sample and sampling was of 61 subjects (indirect) to which the data collection instrument was applied in a liker scale (own elaboration), being the documentary analysis technique. The results obtained were processed by the SPSS statistical program, from which it was obtained that in the psychological dimension there is a high affectation in the serial killers 40%, in the frenzied killers a medium affectation 52.6% and in the mass murderers a low and medium affectation with 50%. Similarly, in the social dimension, frenetic killers showed 63.2% affectation, serial killers showed medium affectation (62.5%) and mass murderers showed medium affectation (54.1%). On the other hand, the items corresponding to the criminalistic variable were analyzed item by item, resulting in particular characteristics on modus operandi, typology and time elapsed.
Acceso abierto
Factores contamitantes en la escena del crimen y su esclarecimiento en los delitos de homicidio culposos en accidente de tránsito presentados en la fiscalía de Ventanilla, 2019
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2022-08-09) Proaño Ocampo, Lorena; Casana Jara, Kelly Milagritos
In this thesis entitled: "Polluting factors at the crime scene and its clarification in the crimes of wrongful death in traffic accident presented in the window prosecutor's office, 2019", whose objective was: to determine the polluting factors at the crime scene influence in the clarification of the crimes of wrongful death in traffic accident, presented in the Ventanilla prosecutor's office, 2019. The methodology used was Deductive Method, Quantitative Approach, Applicative Type, descriptive and explanatory level, Sample 40 professionals, Survey Technique, Instrument Questionnaire, for both variables, on the Likert scale, for greater comfort in the answers. SPSS statistical program analysis. The results of the statistics used for this study was the Rho Spearman Correlation which yielded a high and positive value that is ,918 and the Bilateral Sig. Is .000 must be less than .005, these results reject the null hypothesis and accept The alternative hypothesis: The polluting factors at the crime scene DO significantly influence the clarification of the crimes of wrongful death in traffic accidents, presented in the Ventanilla prosecutor's office, 2019.
Acceso abierto
Factores de inspección técnico policiales y la calidad de investigación de la escena del crimen en delitos de homicidio. Nueva Cajamarca-San Martín, 2019
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2020-06-23) Malca Fernández, Sandra Judith; Quiroz Mejía, Jesús Miguel
The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between police technical inspection factors and the quality of investigation of the crime scene in homicide crimes of the Nueva Cajamarca-San Martín district in 2019. This observational, cross-sectional methodology study, relational, prospective and correlational; analyzed the 30 police officers who work in the Commissioner of the jurisdiction of the District of Nueva Cajamarca in the year 2019, selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria established for the study. To determine the relationship between the technical-police factors and the quality of research, the chi-square non-parametric test was chosen, whose p-value was less than 0.05, demonstrating a significant relationship. The results showed that the investigation quality of the crime scene in homicide crimes of the Nueva Cajamarca-San Martín district was 70% inadequate. There was a significant relationship between staff training (p = 0.005), the timely arrival at the scene of the crime (p = 0.014), the availability of necessary protective clothing (p = 0.001), the availability of necessary equipment and materials (p = 0.001) are significantly related to the quality of the crime scene investigation.
Acceso abierto
Factores de riesgo que influyen en la calidad de la investigación en la escena del crimen del personal policial de las comisarías de Ayacucho, año 2021
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2022-12-23) Paredes Romero, Arturo; Jáuregui Montero, José Antonio
The purpose of the investigation was to determine the risk factors that influence the quality of the crime scene investigation of the police personnel of the Ayacucho Police Stations. It was carried out under the quantitative approach, applied type, non-experimental design; the survey was used, which for the independent variable a value of 0.892 was found and for the dependent variable 0.961 was obtained, showing that there is a very high level of reliability for the results found, which observe that the human factor if significantly influences the quality of crime scene investigation (p-value= 0.001 < 0.05, CCRS= 0.367), technological factor (p-value= 0.008 < 0.05, CCRS= 0.295), environmental factor (p-value= 0.025 < 0.05, CCRS= 0.251) if they significantly influence the quality of crime scene investigation. It concludes that the risk factors do significantly influence the quality of the crime scene investigation (p-value= 0.000 < 0.05) and with a CCRS= 0.534, it shows that there is a considerable positive influence.
Acceso abierto
Informe Jurídico del expediente 11567-2019-0-0401-JR-PE-01
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2025-05-26) Ureta Cóndor, Rogger; Vizcarra Ramírez, Agustín
En el presente informe se examina el expediente N.º 11567-2019-0-0401-JR-PE-01. Fue objeto de discusión entre las partes: (i) si los hechos imputados al encausado Carlos Esteban Sarmiento Zapana fueron probados, (ii) si la muerte de la agraviada Juana Giulemy Gómez Villegas configuraba el delito de feminicidio o homicidio por emoción violenta, (iii) si el procesado Carlos Esteban Sarmiento Zapana cometió el delito tipificado en el art. 368 del C.P. y (iv) si fue correcto que se declare inadmisible el recurso de casación interpuesta por parte del condenado. Para determinar ello se estudió el caso objeto del proceso penal, su iter procesal, deconstruyendo las figuras penales sustanciales y procesales que se suscitaron, recurriendo a la doctrina y la jurisprudencia para analizarlas y tomar una posición sobre las sentencias emitidas durante el desarrollo del proceso. Concluyéndose que, en este caso se ha comprobado la muerte de la agraviada en presencia de su menor hijo, desvirtuándose que actuara bajo una emoción violenta. Asimismo, también se comprobó que el imputado cometió el delito tipificado en el art. 368 del C.P. Por último, la declaración de inadmisibilidad del recurso de casación interpuesto por la defensa técnica del imputado no estaba con arreglo a ley.
Acceso abierto
Informe Jurídico sobre Expediente N° 02316-2016
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2025-05-29) Quispe Estrada Shirley; Vizcarra Ramírez, Agustín
En este informe jurídico analizaremos el proceso penal respecto al Exp. N.º 02316-2016, el mismo que se instauró contra la persona de Nelson Florencio Catunta Champi a causa del presunto delito de Homicidio Culposo y lesiones culposas, donde los agraviados son, Mitzi Fiorella Peñaloza Valdez y el menor Saeed Alfonso Escobar Condori (fallecidos), así como en agravio de Cesar Alonso Escobar Escobar, Luz Marina Condori Lacacta, el menor Cesar Madjid Escobar Condori, Elisabeth Rosario Valdez Sayra y Paul Ademir Escobar Escobar (lesionados), hechos ocurridos el 19 de marzo del 2016 en Uchumayo - Arequipa. En ese sentido, el 2do despacho – 1ra FPPC de Arequipa, requirió prisión preventiva por 07 meses, el mismo que la juez de Investigación preparatoria del 4to Juzgado declaro fundada, bajo resolución de la 4ta Sala Penal de Apelaciones de Arequipa, Asimismo, el Ministerio Público (en lo sucesivo MP) emitió requerimiento para prolongar la prisión preventiva por 06 meses, fundado por el juzgado de investigación preparatoria. Concluida la investigación preparatoria, el MP mediante la 1ra FPPC de Arequipa emitió requerimiento de acusación contra Nelson Florencio Catunta Champi por Homicidio Culposo y lesiones culposas contra Mitzi Fiorella Peñaloza Valdez y el menor Saeed Alfonso Escobar Condori (fallecidos), así como en agravio de Cesar Alonso Escobar Escobar, Luz Marina Condori Lacacta, el menor Cesar Madjid Escobar Condori, Elisabeth Rosario Valdez Sayra y Paul Ademir Escobar Escobar (lesionados); en la cual solicita privación de libertad efectiva por 9 años. Asimismo, los agraviados se constituyeron en actor civil y plantearon su pretensión civil ascendente a S/. 350,000.00 (Trescientos cincuenta mil soles con 00/100 soles) dirigida contra el acusado y los terceros civilmente responsables: Rímac Seguros y Reaseguros, Banco Santander Perú S.A, Renting S.A.C y empresa INTEROC S.A. Siendo así, en etapa de Juzgamiento, el acusado se amparó a la figura de conclusión anticipada del juicio oral en la cual se le impuso 05 años de cárcel efectiva, continuando la secuela del juicio oral respecto de la reparación civil, donde finalmente se impuso pagar la reparación civil entre el acusado y los terceros civilmente responsables Rímac Seguros y Reaseguros, Renting S.A.C y empresa Interoc S.A.C por S/. 310,000.00 (Trescientos diez mil con 00/100 soles). Bajo sentencia antes señalada, todas las partes procesales (Actores civiles, Rímac Seguros y Reaseguros, Renting S.A.C y empresa INTEROC S.A.) apelaron, donde la 4ta Sala Penal de Apelaciones de Arequipa declaró fundada en parte la apelación interpuesta por los actores civiles, incrementando el monto de reparación civil a S/. 492,925.28 (Cuatrocientos noventa y dos mil novecientos veinticinco con 28/100 soles) a pagarse solidariamente por el condenado y los terceros civiles Renting S.A.C y empresa Interoc S.A.C. Asimismo, dicha Sala ampara la apelación que presento el abogado de Rímac Seguros y Reaseguros excluyéndolo del pago de reparación civil. Por último, la defensa de la empresa Renting S.A.C. presento casación contra la resolución de vista, siendo admitida por dicha Sala Penal de apelaciones, pero la Sala Penal Permanente de la Corte Suprema declaró la nulidad de concesorio de la casación e inadmisible el mismo.
Acceso abierto
Muerte violenta por homicidio en población migrante necropsiada en la Morgue Central de Lima durante los años 2019 al 2022
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2024-07-08) Lizarzaburu Alfaro, William Andrés Augusto; Neyra Rivera, Carlos David
The Forensic Thanatology Unit of the Central Morgue of Lima has been performing autopsies on different individuals belonging to a migrant population in order to find evidence that can aid and clarify forensic investigations. They have been using various instruments such as the autopsy protocol, which contains all the information regarding the cause and manner of death of these individuals. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to determine how violent death by homicide is related to the migrant population autopsied at the Central Morgue of Lima during the years 2019 to 2022, using a deductive methodology, quantitative approach, and non experimental design, with a sample of 188 autopsy protocols belonging to migrant population. Once these data were obtained, it was analyzed using IBM SPSS STATICS software, version 20. Additionally, for hypothesis testing, the Rho Spearman test was used, derived from an analysis of Pearson's Chi-Square test; with results showing that 55.9% of analyzed autopsy protocols belong to young adults, furthermore, 90.4% of the cases belong to the male gender, and 71.8% of the total sample belongs to the Venezuelan population. The conclusion reached was that there is a relationship between violent deaths by homicide and the migrant population autopsied at the Central Morgue of Lima between the years 2019 to 2022 with 100% confidence.
Acceso abierto
Observancia del procedimiento para la toma de muestras para analisis de restos de disparos por arma de fuego, Ancash – 2021
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2022-03-08) Reyna de la Cruz, Javier Enrique; Casana Jara, Kelly Milagritos
The main objective of the investigation is to determine if the experts adequately apply the current procedure in the collection of samples for the detection of residues of firearm shots in Ancash 2021. Regarding the methodology, the study is quantitative, not experimental, descriptive, analytical, inductive, concrete. Likewise, the sample consisted of 20 experts from the Chimbote Criminalistics Office and 15 from the Huaraz Criminalistics Office, making a total of 35 Experts. 34 dichotomous questions and to be able to answer the objectives and hypotheses, the analysis was used, Pearson's Chi-square Statistic will be applied. The results showed that the current procedure used by forensic experts for the detection of residues of firearm shots in Ancash 2021, presents deficiencies in the procedure for taking samples in the hands of people, corpses and clothing, as well as on shot debris by using suitable swabs and containers. Concluding, that the current procedure for taking samples for the detection of gunshot residues is not adequately applied in Ancash in the year 2021.
Acceso abierto
La participación del primer interviniente policial y su influencia en la protección de la escena del crimen por homicidio calificado. en la región policial Ancash. 2018
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2020-06-26) Flores Luis, Yovani Raul; Raffo Ibarra, Guillermo Alejandro
The thesis was aimed at determining to what extent the protection of the scene by the first police intervener influences the intangibility of evidence and evidence in the crime of qualified homicide. Ancash Police Region, 2018. The type of research was descriptive-correlational, explanatory, with quantitative approach, non-experimental design - transversal. The sample was not probabilistic for what was considered to be 120 police officers - first police intervener and 15 experts specialized in crime scene inspection, in a total of 135 police officers belonging to the Ancash Police Region. Coming to the conclusion that the lack of preparation of police personnel and logistics are the causes that influence the intangibility of the evidence and evidence in the qualified homicide.
Acceso abierto
El procesamiento de la escena del crimen y su relación con la investigación de los delitos de homicidio en peritos del Distrito Judicial de Lima Norte:2019-2022
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2023-12-29) Martinez Montoya, Francisco Isidro; Orellano Benancio, Lizbardo
The general objective of the current study was to establish the relationship between the processing of the crime scene and the investigation of homicide crimes in experts of the judicial district of Lima Norte, in the years 2019 to 2022, the investigation had a methodological approach structure quantitative, type applied through a hypothetical design - deductive nonexperimental, with cross section and descriptive level - correlational, the population was constituted by criminalistics experts who carry out inspections in the fiscal district of northern Lima in scenes where homicides have occurred , we worked with a sample of 132 specialists, the technique was the survey and the instrument chosen was the questionnaire. As a result, it was determined that there is a relationship between the processing of the crime scene and the homicide, in the same way there is a relationship between the isolation and protection of the scene, the entry of third parties and the arrival of the authorities at the scene with the investigation of homicide crimes.
Acceso abierto
La prueba pericial de protocolo necropsia como factor determinante en la sanción penal en delitos de homicidio de la provincia de Cajamarca en el periodo 2010- 2019
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2021-06-19) Chilón Carrasco, Jeny Judith; Montellanos Cabrera, Henry Sam
This research work is framed in a descriptive research; with a qualitative approach; the methods used are analytical, synthetic and dogmatic. The main objective is: to determine how the expert evidence of the necropsy protocol influences the criminal sanction imposed by the judge in crimes of homicide, in the judicial district of the province of Cajamarca. For this, homicide cases are analyzed. With this research we want to make known the importance of the autopsy expert evidence in the crimes of homicide in relation to the facts and other means of evidence, for this, surveys were applied to the operators of the law who in this case are criminal judges only from the Cajamarca district. In addition, the investigation is complemented by some sentences imposed on those responsible for the crime of homicide, in which the facts of the crime, the evidence collected and merited in oral proceedings in some cases, are detailed, with the autopsy expert evidence of much importance since it gave force to the facts denounced, considering that this expert evidence detailed the causes of death of the victim. In the case of the sentences, in some cases there was no further investigation since the person accused of the crime of homicide accepted the crime and availed himself of the benefit of early termination and in other cases the alleged defendants did not accept the accused crime, therefore they followed all the stages of the criminal process, but in the end they were sentenced to heavy penalties of deprivation of liberty.
Acceso abierto
Relación entre las actitudes y prácticas de bioseguridad adoptadas en la escena del crimen por peritos del instituto de medicina legal y ciencias forenses - Callao. 2019
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2020-08-14) Gavilán Avila, Marilyn Betty; Quiroz Mejía, Jesús Miguel
The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between biosafety attitudes and practices adopted at the crime scene by experts of the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences - Callao in 2019. This methodology study with a nonexperimental, transversal type, Relational, prospective, with correlational design, for this, all of (40) criminalistics experts were analyzed, which corresponds to 100% of the area of crime in the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences - Callao during the year 2019. To determine the An inferential analysis was performed using Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact test, which if it was less than 0.05, was considered significant. The results showed that 60% have positive attitudes and 40% have negative attitudes; and 70% have adequate practices and 30% inappropriate practices (30%), it was also observed that attitudes towards the handling of contaminated material are not related to the biosecurity practices adopted at the crime scene (p = 0.281) by experts from the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences - Callao; and attitudes towards forms of protection are significantly related to the biosafety practices adopted at the crime scene by experts of the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences - Callao in 2019. Concluding that there is a statistically significant relationship between attitudes and the biosafety practices adopted at the crime scene (p = 0.000) by experts of the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences - Callao in 2019.
Acceso abierto
Tipos de personalidad y nivel de agresividad en detenidos por homicidio en la unidad de criminalística, Lima 2025
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2026-02-26) Ortega Flores, Nancy Rosa; Delgado Ramos, Edgardo
The study aimed to determine how personality types are related to the level of aggressiveness in those detained for homicide in the criminalistics unit in Lima, 2025; through a quantitative approach, hypothetical-deductive method, non-experimental research, cross-sectional and correlational design; data was collected through the survey technique, with instruments applied in a single time, with the Eysenck EPQ-R personality test and aggression questionnaire (AQ), in a sample of 232 participants. The results showed that the personality of the participants tend to be less sociable or introverted in 50.4%, and more prone to emotional instability in 44% and impulsive behaviors that lean towards psychoticism in 56.5%; regarding aggressiveness, 20.3% showed high to very high aggressiveness, however the majority with 40.1% showed a normal level; Of the forms of aggression, verbal aggression showed a high to very high rate of 69.4%, hostility at 65.5%, and anger at 20.3%. It is concluded that there is a strong and positive relationship with a Rho of 0.859 between personality types and aggressiveness. It was found that high levels of psychoticism are linked to physical aggression, that extraversion is linked to hostility; that individuals with high neuroticism experience more anger and that neuroticism is strongly associated with higher levels of hostility.
Acceso abierto
Violencia contra la mujer y sus implicancias en feminicidio conyugal en distrito de San Juan de Lurigancho, Lima 2022
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2024-08-12) Palomino Rojas, Milca; Vizcarra Ramírez, Agustín
El feminicidio conyugal es un problema global que va degradando la salud mental de la humanidad. Objetivo del estudio fue determinar la cuestión del patrón maligno, vemos como ha progresado a nivel mundial este acto criminal, transgrediendo el sistema jurídico; debido al ligero tratamiento del administrador de justicia se manifiesta en zona precarias como el distro de San Juan de Lurigancho 2022, a ello se suma permisión de violencia en funcionarios, se realizó investigación de tipo cualitativo y no experimental, en el estudio se incorporó teoría narrativa, descriptiva con aporte de dieciocho participantes, entre ellos investigador, abogados, madres, y niños, el método fue básico de corte transversal, Se concluye que las sanciones aplicadas en la legislación peruana no tienen cura para delito de feminicidio puesto que el problema es estructural; este proyecto propone prevención del conservadurismo que se manifiesta en eventos cotidianos, ejemplo, canciones en niñas desde el vientre de la madre al señalar hubiera sido un varón no una mujer, hasta en labor diario lo refuerzan madres de familia sin medir efectos futuros. El dilema de “estereotipos” o estigmatizaciones se debe cortar desde la raíz, desarticular modelos arraigados con apoyo de especialistas, ello requiere participación de estado y privado.