Examinando por Materia "Metals, Heavy"

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Acceso abierto
Asociación entre el nivel de metales pesados y perfil psicomotor en niños que asisten a un hospital nacional, Pasco. 2024
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2024-11-08) Pomalima Rojas, Lorena Pilar; Melgarejo Valverde, José Antonio
El trabajo titulado “Asociación entre el nivel de metales pesados y perfil psicomotor en niños que asisten a un hospital nacional, Pasco. 2024” investiga la relación entre la exposición a metales pesados (plomo, mercurio y arsénico) y el desarrollo psicomotor infantil en una zona altamente afectada por la actividad minera. El estudio, de enfoque cuantitativo y diseño no experimental, fue aplicado a una muestra censal de 150 niños entre 2 y 5 años de edad del Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión de Cerro de Pasco. Utiliza dos instrumentos principales: la espectrofotometría para medir los niveles de metales en sangre y el Test de Desarrollo Psicomotor (TEPSI) para evaluar el perfil psicomotor. Se busca identificar si existe una asociación significativa entre los niveles de dichos metales y alteraciones en el desarrollo motor, lenguaje y coordinación. El estudio resalta la vulnerabilidad de los niños a la neurotoxicidad de los metales pesados, especialmente en contextos de exposición crónica como Cerro de Pasco. Su importancia radica en generar evidencia que contribuya a estrategias de prevención y políticas de salud pública que protejan el neurodesarrollo infantil en zonas de riesgo ambiental, informando además a padres, docentes y personal de salud sobre los efectos nocivos de estas sustancias.
Acceso abierto
Determinación cuantitativa de arsénico, cadmio y plomo en razas de maíz (Zea mays L.) raza Cusco gigante, raza Kculli, raza Jora y raza Chaparreño expendidas en Mercado Caqueta de enero–diciembre 2020
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2023-09-23) López Ambolalla, Gisela Leonor; Pilares Salas, Rosa; Lizano Gutiérrez, Jesús Víctor
A basic-type research study was conducted, with a non-experimental design, descriptive level, cross-sectional approach, using a convenience sampling method. Five samples were selected for each “corn” variety, totaling 20 samples. The technique employed was atomic absorption spectrophotometry, using a graphite furnace for lead and cadmium, and a hydride generator for arsenic. The obtained data were compared with the maximum limits allowed by MERCOSUR and CODEX ALIMENTARIUS standards.
Acceso abierto
Determinación cuantitativa de arsénico, cobre, níquel y plomo en margarinas y mantequillas expendidas en el mercado de Caquetá – San Martin de Porres – periodo de Junio–Octubre 2015
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2015) Altamirano Verastegui, Luis Antonio; Cruz Quispe, Edwin; Churango Valdez, Javier
Margarine and butter are widely consumed products, being among the most commonly used cooking ingredients alongside oil. Investigating their quality is of great importance from both health and commercial perspectives. Heavy metals pose a serious risk as they tend to bioaccumulate in biological organisms, increasing their concentration and potentially causing harmful effects on internal organs, the nervous system, kidneys, liver, and lungs. For this reason, a study was conducted to quantitatively determine the levels of arsenic, copper, nickel, and lead in margarines and butters sold at the Caquetá market in San Martín de Porres during the period June–October 2015, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Seventeen samples of margarines and butters were collected for analysis. The results showed that the average concentrations of arsenic, copper, nickel, and lead were: As 0.07 mg/kg, Cu 0.09 mg/kg, Ni 0.28 mg/kg, and Pb 0.11 mg/kg. These results were compared against the Codex Alimentarius, the Ecuadorian Technical Standard, and the Venezuelan Technical Standard.
Acceso abierto
Determinación de arsénico, cadmio y plomo en suplementos dietarios de origen vegetal de venta en el mercado Mundo Natural del distrito de Cercado de Lima durante el periodo mayo–agosto 2018
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2023-05-23) Calsina Ramos, Marina Erika; Huamán Cucho, Yvonne Bertha; Lizano Gutiérrez, Jesús Víctor
The general objective of this study was to detect the presence of heavy metals using the Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method for lead and cadmium, and Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for arsenic in samples of dietary supplements of plant origin, including artichoke, camu camu, flaxseed, and tocosh, sold at the "Natural World Market" in the district of Cercado de Lima. Results: For arsenic, a minimum value of 0.11 mg/Kg was found in flaxseed supplements and a maximum value of 1.68 mg/Kg in artichoke supplements. For cadmium, a minimum value of 0.11 mg/Kg was found in flaxseed supplements and a maximum value of 0.63 mg/Kg in camu camu supplements. For lead, a minimum value of 0.18 mg/Kg was found in camu camu supplements and a maximum value of 1.28 mg/Kg in tocosh supplements. Additionally, the average values of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in the analyzed dietary supplement samples were 0.68 mg/Kg, 0.32 mg/Kg, and 0.57 mg/Kg, respectively. The methodology used USP 40 as a reference. Based on permissible limits, it was concluded that for arsenic, 12.5% of the samples exceeded the 1.5 mg/Kg limit, for cadmium, 25% of the samples exceeded the 0.5 mg/Kg limit, and for lead, 18.75% of the samples exceeded the 1.0 mg/Kg limit.
Acceso abierto
Determinación de arsénico, cromo, cadmio y plomo en camarones (Cryphiops caementarius) de Calango y Santa Cruz de Flores, abril a octubre del 2020
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2023-04-13) Roca Esquivel, Rosario; Tello Rojas, Maribel; Ramos Jaco, Antonio Guillermo
The contamination of hydrobiological species in our rivers by heavy metals is a serious and concerning issue, as it endangers the lives of these species and the populations that consume them. Objective: This research aims to determine the concentration of arsenic, chromium, cadmium, and lead in shrimp (Cryphiops caementarius) and the potential health risks for the population of Calango and Santa Cruz de Flores during the period from April to October 2020, due to exceeding the maximum permissible limits according to Brazilian Legislation and the Codex Alimentarius standards. Methodology: This was a quantitative, descriptive, basic-level study with a non-experimental, cross-sectional research design. Atomic absorption flame spectrophotometry and a hydride generator were used. Results: Shrimp samples were collected along the Mala River at 3 points in the Santa Cruz de Flores area and 7 points in the Calango area, for a total of 10 sampling points. The average values obtained were 0.89 mg/kg for arsenic, 0.040 mg/kg for chromium, 0.24 mg/kg for cadmium, and 0.44 mg/kg for lead in the shrimp samples from the designated points. These values did not exceed the maximum permissible limits set by international regulations, including Brazilian Legislation and the Codex Alimentarius, during 2020. Conclusion: The consumption of shrimp was not considered a public health risk for any of these heavy metals—cadmium, chromium, lead, and arsenic. However, due to the values found in the upper range, continuous monitoring of these metals' concentrations in these areas is recommended.
Acceso abierto
Determinación de liberación cuantitativa de plomo y cadmio en utensilios cerámicos (platos tendidos y hondos menor a un litro) comercializados en Lima Metropolitana en el período mayo–octubre 2014
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2015) Meza Vega, Candy Maruja; Sánchez Campos, Jobita; Churango Valdez, Javier
Consumers are generally unaware of the toxicity of metals used in the production or decoration of ceramic ware, and even less so of the release of lead and cadmium that occurs through continuous use of ceramic plates in contact with food. Due to this issue, the present study was conducted on the “Quantitative determination of lead and cadmium release in ceramic utensils (flat and deep plates under one liter) commercialized in Metropolitan Lima during the period May–October 2014.” A total of 10 samples of deep plates and 10 samples of flat plates were analyzed. For lead in flat plates, the minimum concentration found was 1.02 mg/dm², the maximum 2.05 mg/dm², with an average release of 1.53 mg/dm². In deep plates, the minimum concentration was 2.55 mg/L, the maximum 9.74 mg/L, with an average lead release of 4.48 mg/L. For cadmium in flat plates, the minimum concentration was 0.10 mg/dm², the maximum 0.29 mg/dm², with an average release of 0.17 mg/dm². In deep plates, the minimum concentration was 0.12 mg/L, the maximum 0.71 mg/L, with an average release of 0.29 mg/L. Lead and cadmium levels were determined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method.
Acceso abierto
Determinación de plomo y arsénico en golosinas (gomas de mascar, caramelos duros y refrescos) por absorción atómica, en Lima Metropolitana, 2021
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2023-10-19) Remuzgo Ambrosio, Herly; Mamani Posadas, Jessica Gabriela; Ramos Jaco, Antonio Guillermo
The objective of this research was to determine the concentration of lead and arsenic in candies—specifically chewing gums, hard candies, and soft drinks—using atomic absorption in Metropolitan Lima, 2021. The methodology followed a quantitative approach, applied type, and quasi-experimental design. The sample population consisted of 10 chewing gums, 10 hard candies, and 10 soft drinks, which were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: The average lead concentration in imported chewing gum was 0.0540 mg/kg, in imported hard candies 0.0520 mg/kg, and in imported soft drinks 0.0440 mg/L. For national products, the average lead concentration was 0.0480 mg/kg in chewing gum, 0.0340 mg/kg in hard candies, and 0.0460 mg/L in soft drinks. Regarding arsenic, the average concentration in imported chewing gum was 0.00380 mg/kg, in imported hard candies 0.00640 mg/kg, and in imported soft drinks 0.00180 mg/L. For national products, the average arsenic concentration was 0.00740 mg/kg in chewing gum, 0.00480 mg/kg in hard candies, and 0.00480 mg/L in soft drinks. Conclusion:The concentrations of lead and arsenic in the analyzed candies did not exceed the maximum permissible limits established by the Codex Alimentarius.
Acceso abierto
Determinación de plomo y cadmio por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica en leche cruda de bovino en establos lecheros del distrito de Chancay – Huaral, 2013
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2013) Mendoza Oscorima, Yeni Guisela; Medina Pillaca, Carlos Antonio; Canales Martínez, César Augusto
Milk is regarded as an almost complete food and constitutes the main element of the daily diet, as it provides proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and essential minerals. This study aimed to determine the presence of lead and cadmium in raw bovine milk from dairy farms in the district of Chancay, province of Huaral. Thirty raw milk samples were obtained from five dairy farms in different populated centers of Chancay. The samples were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry following microwave-assisted digestion. The results showed that the average concentration of lead was 0.0186 mg/kg, below the limit established by WHO (0.02 mg/kg). However, 10 of the 30 samples (33.3%) exceeded this limit. The average cadmium concentration was 0.338 mg/kg, surpassing the Romanian Standard (0.01 mg/kg), with all 30 samples (100%) above the permissible level. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of regularly monitoring lead and cadmium levels in milk across different regions of Peru.
Acceso abierto
Determinación y cuantificación de plomo por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica en juguetes de plástico armable comercializados en Mesa Redonda
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2014) Benito Zevallos, Lyset Lucía; Lizano Gutiérrez, Jesús Víctor
This research is part of the field of social toxicology, as it concerns children’s exposure to lead through toys. Lead is a highly toxic metal capable of causing irreversible damage to the central nervous system, intelligence quotient, and physical development. These health effects may manifest after 10 or 20 years of exposure, which highlights the importance of ensuring that toys are safe. The Peruvian Technical Standard 324.001-3:2008 Toy Safety – Part 3: Migration of Certain Elements prescribes a maximum limit of 90 mg/kg for lead content. The methodology employed was flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, with a total of 40 plastic building toy samples analyzed (20 red and 20 blue). Results indicated that red toys reached a maximum value of 59.42 ppm, whereas blue toys reached a maximum of 45.60 ppm. In conclusion, the higher levels observed in red toys compared to blue ones corroborate the information presented in Health Alert No. 001-2013-JUE DIGESA, emphasizing the risks posed by lead contamination in children’s toys.
Acceso abierto
Determinar la concentración por mercurio y plomo en pescados frescos comercializados en centros de abastos del distrito de Lurigancho-Chosica, Lima 2024- 2025
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2025-11-19) Pancca Belizario, Jessica Giovanna; Riveros Soca, Mónica; Ramos Jaco, Antonio Guillermo
Objetivo: Evaluar las concentraciones de mercurio y plomo incluidos en pescados frescos comercializados en los centros de abastos, distrito de Lurigancho-Chosica, 2024-2025. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizó el enfoque cuantitativo, correlacional y transversal. Se recogieron veinte muestras de pescado comestible, incluyendo bonito y caballa. Mediante el programa estadística SPSS, versión 27.0 se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas, como medias, para evaluar las hipótesis del estudio. Se desarrolló la prueba de normalidad para elegir la estadística a utilizar, que fue la prueba t de Student, con un valor p inferior a 0.05 (nivel de confianza del 95%). Resultados: Se determinó que el contenido medio de Hg en el pescado fresco (bonito y caballa) era de 0.98±0.43 mg/kg, mientras que la concentración media de Pb era de 2.12±1.41 mg/kg comercializados en los centros de abastecimiento de alimentos del distrito de Lurigancho-Chosica.La concentración media de Hg fue de 1. 25±0.40 mg/kg para la especie “bonito” y de 0. 71±0. 28 mg/kg para la especie “caballa”. Asimismo, las concentraciones promedias de Pb fueron de 2.14±1.20 mg/kg para la especie “bonito” y de 2.09±1.66 mg/kg para la especie “caballa”. El pescado fresco (bonito y caballa) tenía una concentración media de Hg de 0.98 ± 0.43 mg/kg y una concentración media de Pb de 2.12 ± 1.41 mg/kg. Conclusiones: En general, el mercurio y el plomo, superan significativamente los límites máximos permisibles implementado por SANIPES y el Codex Alimentarius, lo que representa riesgos para la salud de los consumidores.
Acceso abierto
Evaluación de la concentración de mercurio y plomo en Sarda chiliensis chiliensis (“bonito”) y Scomber japonicus peruanus (“caballa”) expendidos en el terminal pesquero de Ventanilla–Lima, 2019
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2022-06-02) De la Crúz Toribio, Lisseth; Lazo Solano, Yanira Johaira; Lizano Gutiérrez, Jesús Víctor
The objective of this research was to evaluate the concentration of mercury and lead in Sarda chiliensis chiliensis ("bonito") and Scomber japonicus peruanus ("mackerel") sold at the Ventanilla fishing terminal. The study followed a non-experimental, descriptive, and cross-sectional design. A quantitative method was used to determine the concentration of mercury and lead in samples collected from the stalls at the Ventanilla fishing terminal. The samples were analyzed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. The results were compared with the limits established by the Codex Alimentarius, SANIPES, and the European Union. The maximum and minimum lead concentrations in Sarda chiliensis chiliensis samples were 0.397 mg/kg and 0.0 mg/kg, respectively. For Scomber japonicus peruanus samples, the maximum and minimum lead concentrations were 0.369 mg/kg and 0.102 mg/kg, respectively. Regarding mercury, the maximum and minimum concentrations in Sarda chiliensis chiliensis samples were 0.558 mg/kg and 0.110 mg/kg, respectively, while for Scomber japonicus peruanus, the concentrations were 0.410 mg/kg and 0.058 mg/kg, respectively. Lead concentrations in Sarda chiliensis chiliensis samples exceeded permissible limits by 10% (n=1) and by 20% (n=2) in Scomber japonicus peruanus samples. Regarding mercury, no sample exceeded permissible limits. Conclusion: The samples of Sarda chiliensis chiliensis and Scomber japonicus peruanus sold at the Ventanilla fishing terminal contain concentrations of lead and mercury, with lead concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible limits.
Acceso abierto
Evaluación toxicológica de cadmio, plomo y arsénico en suelo agrícola y rábano (Raphanus sativus) en zona Huachipa – Nievería distrito Lurigancho – Chosica. Lima. 2022
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2023-07-20) Nuñez Pebe, Walter Federico; Llahuilla Quea, José Antonio
The objective of this study was to determine the toxicological concentrations of cadmium, lead, and arsenic in agricultural soil and radish (Raphanus sativus) in the Huachipa-Nievería area of the Lurigancho-Chosica district, 2022. Methodology: The method used was hypothetical-deductive, with a quantitative approach. It was a basic, non-experimental, correlational, and cross-sectional study at a descriptive level. Five soil samples were collected according to the Agricultural Soil Sampling Manual from MINAM to conduct this study. The study area was 300 m², and radishes were collected from the same points. The analytical method was performed in a laboratory using an ICP-OES device to provide concentration values for cadmium, lead, and arsenic in soil and radish. Results: Statistical tests were performed: T-student tests for soil and radish. Soil: Cadmium concentrations were determined with p=0.00 < 0.05; lead concentrations, p=0.00 < 0.05; arsenic concentrations, p=0.003 < 0.05. Therefore, cadmium, lead, and arsenic exceed the ECA limits for soil. Radish: Cadmium concentrations, p=0.096 > 0.05; lead concentrations, p=0.025 < 0.05; arsenic concentrations, p=0.49 > 0.05. Thus, cadmium and arsenic do not exceed permissible limits, while lead exceeds the permissible limit set by the Codex Alimentarius. Conclusion: It was found that radishes had lead concentrations in the soil that exceeded the limits allowed by the Codex Alimentarius.
Acceso abierto
Genotoxicidad y alteraciones de los elementos formes del tejido sanguíneo en niños expuesto a agua contaminada con metales pesados en rica playa, Tumbes 2021.
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2022-05-14) Suyon Castillo, Angel Anderson; Ascarza Gallegos, Justo Angelo
En la actualidad la contaminación ambiental es un problema de nivel mundial, se contaminan el agua, los suelos, los cultivos, animales y el ser humano. Las contaminaciones por metales pesados pueden acarrear múltiples desordenes en el correcto funcionamiento de organismo del ser humano y en especial a los más vulnerables como son los niños. En el presente proyecto de investigación tiene como objetivo determinar el nivel de relación entre la genotoxicidad y las alteraciones de los elementos formes del tejido sanguíneo en niños expuestos a agua contaminada con metales pesados en el centro poblado en Rica Playa Tumbes 2021. Se utiliza una muestra censal consistente en el total de la población conforma por 60 (sesenta) niños menores de 5 años residentes del Centro Poblado de Rica Playa, que cumplan con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Metodología: Es una investigación básica de modelo hipotético deductivo de enfoque cuantitativo de diseño Observacional: Transversal. Se utilizará una escala valorativa la cual se analizará para determinar el nivel de relación que existen entre las variable.
Acceso abierto
Riesgos por contaminación con metales pesados en alimentos en Perú: metaanálisis
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2022-01-26) Proleon Valladares, Jonathan Nino; Siccha Mendez, Cristian Alfredo; Castillo Soto, Pedro Félix
Toxic metals, even in low concentrations, have harmful effects on human health, and food has been identified as a primary source of heavy metal intake. Objective: To establish the risk of consuming certain foods based on the toxic concentrations of heavy metals through a meta-analysis. Methodology: An evaluation and synthesis were performed through a meta-analysis of undergraduate theses on toxic metals (arsenic [As], cadmium [Cd], mercury [Hg], lead [Pb]) in food in Peru. Results: Only 6 studies contained relevant and "quality" information, and heterogeneity tests indicated high variability among the studies. Conclusions: The quality evaluations of the selected studies showed that they do not meet the content criteria to extrapolate their results for decision-making. The Peruvian population is exposed to consuming food contaminated with heavy metals, which poses a high risk of toxicity, and therefore, objective studies are needed to complement this research.