Examinando por Materia "Toxicidad"

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Actividad cicatrizante y toxicidad dérmica del extracto etanólico de los tubérculos de Ullucus tuberosus Caldas “olluco” en animales de experimentación
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2018-05-28) Blacido Paucar, Zayda Judith; Quispe Crisóstomo, Nicols Hilario; Chávez Flores, Juana Elvira
The use of medicinal plants as an alternative to treat ailments and/or diseases is gaining great importance for the creation and research of new formulations. Objective: To determine the wound-healing activity and dermal toxicity of the ethanolic extract from the tubers of Ullucus tuberosus Caldas, 'olluco,' in experimental animals. Methods: The plant species was collected in the Panao community, Huánuco department, Peru. An ethanolic extraction of the Ullucus tuberosus Caldas 'olluco' tuber was performed for phytochemical analysis. The wound-healing activity was assessed using the Vaisberg et al. technique, for which three creams based on the plant species were prepared at concentrations of 0.5,5, and 10%. These were compared with two standard groups: a 1% Croton Lechleri 'Sangre de Drago' cream prepared naturally, and onion plant stem cells (Emolan®), and a control group ('Vaseline'). Dermal toxicity was determined using the Contero technique, where a single oral and dermal dose of 5000 mg/kg of the extract was administered to rats. Results: Phytochemical analysis determined that the extract is soluble in distilled water and contains primary and secondary metabolites. The 10% concentration cream obtained 86% healing efficacy compared to the intact skin sample. In the toxicological evaluation, no Holtzman strain rat showed dermal toxicity. Conclusion: It was determined that the ethanolic extract from the tubers of Ullucus tuberosus Caldas, 'olluco,' does present wound-healing activity and does not possess dermal toxicity.
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Automedicación con antibióticos para tratamiento de SARS-CoV-2 y factores de riesgo en usuarios atendidos en boticas de la avenida 225 Pachacútec – Ventanilla, 2021
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2021-08-03) Mayta Oré, Lizbeth Roxana; Maravi Conopuma, Guina Rocio; Ñañez del Pino, Daniel
The misuse of medications, such as antibiotics, carries significant consequences, increasing morbidity and mortality due to antimicrobial resistance, especially in the context of SARS-CoV-2. Objective: To describe how risk factors relate to self-medication with antibiotics for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in users served at drugstores on Avenida 225 Pachacútec, Ventanilla, in 2021. Methods: The research type was basic, deductive, with a quantitative approach and a descriptive-correlational, cross-sectional, and prospective design. Results: Of 234 users who presented with SARS-CoV-2 symptoms, 55.6% had a cough, 43.2% a sore throat, 41.9% a headache, and 38.5% a fever. The reasons for self-medication were a lack of time (49.6%), the high cost of medical care (45.7%), and saturated hospitals (44.0%). Pre-existing conditions included diabetes (12.4%), obesity (11.5%), and arterial hypertension (6.0%). Regarding drug interactions, 59.8% reported consuming other medications. Concerning toxicity, 71.4% self-medicated with antibiotics, and 6.0% had developed some type of allergy. Additionally, 48.3% consulted a pharmacist based on their symptoms. Conclusion: It was determined that risk factors were significantly related to self-medication with antibiotics for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in the users served at drugstores on Avenida 225 Pachacútec, Ventanilla, in 2021.
Acceso abierto
Consumo de bebidas energizantes y efectos tóxicos sobre la salud en estudiantes de la escuela de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Norbert Wiener. Lima. 2024
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2025-04-11) Mendoza Llanos, Jarvis Marice; Vásquez Herrera, Edis; Ramos Jaco, Antonio Guillermo
Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo: Determinar la relación que existe entre el consumo de bebidas energizantes y efectos tóxicos sobre la salud en estudiantes de la escuela de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Norbert Wiener. Lima. 2024. Metodología: enfoque cuantitativo de naturaleza básica con alcance correlacional. La muestra fue de 384 estudiantes los cuales fueron encuestados mediante un cuestionario de respuesta múltiple; la confiabilidad fue determinada mediante Test retest, con valores superiores a 0,71 para los coeficientes V de Cramer y Kappa. Resultados: Se encontró diferencias significativas entre los casos que consumen bebidas energizantes combinadas con alcohol presentaron nerviosismo 32,1% frente a un 19,3% de los que lo consumían sin alcohol. La relación entre consumo de bebidas energizantes y efectos en el sistema cardiovascular mostró 23,6% de los consumidores a diario o inter diario presentaron cambios en su presión arterial, frente a un 12% de los que consumían con menor frecuencia. También se mostró diferencias que llegan a ser significativas p <0,05 en la relación existente entre consumo de bebidas energizantes y los efectos psicológicos, gastrointestinales, desordenes renales y trastornos alimenticios. Independientemente los efectos tóxicos más mencionados fueron alteraciones en el apetito con un 59,6%, palpitaciones 58,9% e insomnio 58,1%; la marca más consumida fue volt 61,2%. Conclusión: Se determinó que existe correlación significativa entre el consumo de bebidas energizantes con los efectos tóxicos presentados a nivel neurológico, del sistema cardiovascular, psicológico, sistema gastrointestinal, desordenes renales y trastornos alimenticios.
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Determinación cuantitativa de arsénico, cadmio y plomo en razas de maíz (Zea mays L.) raza Cusco gigante, raza Kculli, raza Jora y raza Chaparreño expendidas en Mercado Caqueta de enero–diciembre 2020
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2023-09-23) López Ambolalla, Gisela Leonor; Pilares Salas, Rosa; Lizano Gutiérrez, Jesús Víctor
A basic-type research study was conducted, with a non-experimental design, descriptive level, cross-sectional approach, using a convenience sampling method. Five samples were selected for each “corn” variety, totaling 20 samples. The technique employed was atomic absorption spectrophotometry, using a graphite furnace for lead and cadmium, and a hydride generator for arsenic. The obtained data were compared with the maximum limits allowed by MERCOSUR and CODEX ALIMENTARIUS standards.
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Determinación de bisfenol-A en aguas contenidas en botellas de plástico para beber, realizado en la ciudad de Lima – año 2017
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2018-07-11) Garcia Gutierrez, Wenceslao Andres; Parraguez Vilchez, Walter Nicolas; Lizano Gutiérrez, Jesús Víctor
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a chemical substance classified as an endocrine disruptor, capable of causing hormonal imbalances even at very low concentrations. It is present in various consumer products such as plastic containers, cans with protective coatings, and bottled water packaging. Given the widespread use of plastics, there is concern about the potential health risks associated with BPA exposure. This study aimed to determine the concentration of BPA in bottled water contained in plastic bottles. A total of 30 bottles from the three most consumed brands, as reported in a survey, were analyzed. The bottles were purchased from kiosks and small shops in Lima. BPA concentrations were measured using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) under two conditions: without stress and after exposure to heat (37°C for 7 days). The results showed that non-stressed samples had BPA readings below the detection limit of 7.190 ± 0.478 µg/L, with concentrations of 1.167 µg/L for Brand A, 3.015 µg/L for Brand B, and 2.507 µg/L for Brand C. For the stressed samples, BPA concentrations could not be determined due to increased noise and signal distortion in the HPLC detector. In none of the cases were BPA levels detected above the established detection limit. In conclusion, BPA was present in bottled water at levels below the detection threshold, while heat stress compromised accurate measurement. These findings emphasize the need for further research to assess BPA release under different environmental and storage conditions.
Acceso abierto
Determinación de bisfenol-A en tomatodos de plástico comercializados en la ciudad de Lima, año 2017
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2018-07-10) Acosta Baldera, Carlos Enrique; Huamán Bautista, Rosmery Lisbet; Lizano Gutiérrez, Jesús Víctor
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a plasticizer that interacts with the hormonal systems of the human body. In fact, its ability to behave like estrogens (female sex hormones) has been known since the 1930s, and its effects on fertility, reproduction, and the endocrine system have been the subject of significant scientific debate in recent years. BPA is found in water bottles, baby bottles, food containers, cans with coatings, and other plastic packaging, which has raised concern, since we currently live surrounded by plastic objects that contain this toxic agent, which generally causes harm to human health. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the concentration of Bisphenol A in water contained in reusable water bottles (“tomatodos”) sold in the city of Lima, subjected to the temperatures and contact times to which they are exposed on a daily basis. A total of 24 samples were taken (12 blue bottles and 12 transparent bottles). The determination was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), finding that all analyzed samples presented non-detectable concentrations of BPA, below the maximum levels established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
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Determinación de cadmio, plomo y riesgo toxicológico de cervezas artesanales expendidas en Cercado de Lima, 2023
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2024-01-27) Camac Delgado, Katherine America; Pumayauli Almanza, Lizbeth Milagros; Ramos Jaco, Antonio Guillermo
The present research aimed to “analyze and compare the concentrations of cadmium and lead in craft beers with the maximum permissible limits (MPL) established by MERCOSUR and NTP 211.049, and to assess the toxicological risk for consumers in Cercado de Lima, 2023.” Method: The study was basic, non-experimental, descriptive, and cross-sectional. The instruments used were a data recording sheet and a questionnaire. The selected samples included 30 craft beers and 385 consumers. Cadmium and lead concentrations were determined through laboratory analysis at CICOTOX using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Consumer data were collected via questionnaire, and toxicological risk was assessed using the methodology proposed by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. General data were processed using SPSS version 28 and Microsoft Excel. Results: The mean cadmium concentration found was 0.00047 ppm, and the mean lead concentration was 0.00533 ppm; in no case did the values exceed the maximum limits permitted by NTP 211.049 and MERCOSUR. Regarding toxicological risk assessment, the average value for the cadmium exposure dose indicator was 6.80×10⁻¹⁵ and for lead 3.83×10⁻¹¹; for the hazard index indicator, the result was 6.8×10⁻¹² for cadmium and 6.38×10⁻⁹ for lead. Finally, for the margin of exposure indicator, cadmium had an average value of 1.47×10¹⁸ and lead 6.53×10¹⁰. Conclusion: None of the analyzed samples exceeded the maximum permissible limits and they do not represent a toxicological risk to consumers.
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Eficacia de los desinfectantes de superficies de equipos y mobiliarios en la reducción de la contaminación y prevención de infecciones
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 1905-07-09) Lindo Véliz, Maribel Lilia; Rosas Cayetano, Jackie Myrian; Gómez Gonzales, Walter Edgar
Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia de los desinfectantes de superficie en los equipos y mobiliarios en la reducción de la contaminación y prevención de Infecciones. Materiales y Métodos: Las Revisiones Sistemáticas son un diseño de Investigación cuantitativo experimental, la población está constituida por la revisión bibliográfica de 4 artículos científicos publicados e indexados en las bases de datos científicos, todos son de calidad alta. Resultados: En la revisión sistemática, se observa el estudio de comparación del hipoclorito frente al amonio cuaternario, peróxido de hidrógeno, iodopovidona, clorhexidina 4%, mostrando el hipoclorito acción superior de la desinfección sobre superficies. En el segundo artículo revisado, se demuestra la eficacia desinfectante del alcohol 70% al aplicarlo directamente a las superficies contaminadas, al observarse una reducción microbiana, Del tercer artículo, se observa que el ácido hipocloroso es 100 % efectivo sobre superficies. Del cuarto artículo, se concluye que el peróxido de hidrógeno y el ácido acético son efectivos para la limpieza de superficies. Conclusiones: Los artículos revisados evidencian que el hipoclorito de sodio mostró acción superior en la desinfección sobre superficies de mobiliario frente al alcohol al 70%, amonio cuaternario, peróxido de hidrógeno, ácido hipocloroso, ácido peracético, pero es necesario considerar su toxicidad y corrosión durante el uso.
Acceso abierto
Evaluación de la actividad cicatrizante y toxicidad dérmica del gel a base del extracto etanólico de la corteza de Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Schum “capirona” en ratas albinas Holtzman
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2021-03-12) Gamboa Ortiz, Milagros Ruth; Miranda Rivera, Estefani Samantha; Chávez Flores, Juana Elvira
The use of medicinal plants is important due to their low cost. Materials and Method: The plant species was collected in Ucayali, Peru. An ethanolic extraction of the bark of Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth) Hook. f. ex Schum. was performed. The wound-healing activity was assessed using the Vaisberg et al. technique, for which three gels based on the plant species were prepared at concentrations of 1,2, and 4%. These were compared with two standard groups: a 10% gel (containing plant strain extract, sodium heparin, and allantoin) named "Contratubex," and a control group. Dermal toxicity was determined using the Contero R technique, where a single oral and dermal dose of 5000 mg/kg of the extract was administered to rats. Results: Qualitative analysis determined that the extract is soluble in distilled water and contains primary and secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids and tannins. Regarding wound-healing activity, the 1% concentration gel achieved the highest healing efficacy of 90%. In the toxicological evaluation, no rat showed dermal toxicity. Conclusion: It was determined that the ethanolic extract from the bark of Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth) Hook. f. ex Schum. does present wound-healing activity in rats and does not possess dermal toxicity via topical administration.
Acceso abierto
Evaluación de la toxicidad aguda del extracto etanólico de la pulpa del fruto de Mauritia flexuosa L.f. (aguaje) en ratas Holtzman
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2023-12-15) Castillo Verde, Nira Eugenia; Limaylla Urbano, Elizabeth Miriam; Chávez Flores, Juana Elvira
The objective of this research was to evaluate the acute toxicity of the ethanolic extract from the pulp of Mauritia flexuosa L.f. (aguaje) in Holtzman rats. Methodology: The study was experimental. The plant sample was collected in the city of Tingo María. Eight rats from the National Institute of Health were used. They were housed in metal cages equipped with the necessary conditions for their stay and divided into a control group and an experimental group. The ethanolic extract was administered orally to the experimental group at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg, while the control group received only distilled water. Acute toxicity was evaluated using the Irwin test. Subsequently, the animals were sacrificed for macroscopic evaluation and organ extraction for histopathological study. Results: Secondary metabolites were identified in the ethanolic extract. In the macroscopic analysis, alterations in the stomach were observed, with mild lesions in 33% and moderate lesions in 16.7% of the cases. In the histopathological study, 50% of the samples showed moderate alterations and 50% showed severe alterations in the lungs. Conclusion:It was confirmed that the ethanolic extract from the pulp of Mauritia flexuosa L.f. (aguaje), at a limit dose of 2000 mg/kg, does not show toxicological effects in Holtzman rats.
Acceso abierto
Evaluación de plomo y cadmio en papas fritas y su riesgo toxicológico en los consumidores de diez pollerías conocidas del Cercado de Lima. Setiembre–noviembre 2019
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2020-08-12) Guimarey Martin, Mercedes Tatiana; Reategui Curimozon, Judy; Llahuilla Quea, José Antonio
The purpose of our research work is to evaluate the levels of lead and cadmium in French fries and, consequently, the toxicological risk to consumers in ten well-known rotisserie chicken restaurants (“pollerías”) in the district of Cercado de Lima. A total of 64 samples, each equivalent to 250 g of French fries, and 370 surveys were collected to assess the toxicological risk. The concentration of metals was determined using the Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method at CICOTOX. The results showed lead concentrations ranging from a minimum of 0.0040 mg/kg to a maximum of 0.0463 mg/kg, with an average of 0.073 mg/kg. For cadmium, the minimum was 0.03230 mg/kg, the maximum 0.81020 mg/kg, and the average 0.21100 mg/kg. Based on these concentrations, the estimated exposure dose was calculated as DE Pb = 0.0000000052 mg/kg/day and DE Cd = 0.0000000151 mg/kg/day. In conclusion, the concentration of lead (0.0073 mg/kg) in French fries was significantly lower in comparison with cadmium (0.2110 mg/kg), which was significantly higher than the maximum permissible limit established by the CODEX STAN 193-1995 of the WHO/FAO (0.1 mg/kg). According to the toxicological risk assessment methodology of PAHO/WHO, in the district studied there is evidence of a minimal toxicological risk from exposure to the analyzed factors.
Acceso abierto
Evaluación de riesgo toxicológico en personas expuestas, que consumen Beta vulgaris “Betarraga” cruda y cocida con posibles concentraciones de plomo y cadmio comercializada en el mercado de Chancay – Huaral, Lima 2019
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2021-02-06) Tarazona Guerrero, Janelle del Carmen; Condori Caceres, Soledad; Llahuilla Quea, José Antonio
The agricultural soils of the Chancay–Huaral river basin are located in areas close to industrial centers, and these industries are characterized by emitting high concentrations of metals such as lead and cadmium. Toxicity studies on plant organisms cultivated in these soils are scarce, and it is unknown whether they may produce toxic effects. The vegetables cultivated in these soils may be exposed to deposits of toxic substances from nearby sources such as air, soil, or irrigation with contaminated water, thus constituting another point of contact for exposure in the population of the Chancay area. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicological risk in individuals who consume raw and cooked Beta vulgaris “beetroot” with possible concentrations of lead and cadmium commercialized in the Chancay market. For this purpose, beetroot samples sold in the Chancay market were collected, and the concentrations of lead and cadmium were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The beetroot samples presented average concentrations of lead of 4.45 µg/kg in cooked samples, while in raw samples the average was 10.32 µg/kg. With respect to cadmium, the average concentration was 2.67 µg/kg in cooked beetroot and 2.62 µg/kg in raw beetroot, all below the permissible limits. As a result of the toxicological risk assessment in individuals exposed to raw or cooked Beta vulgaris “beetroot,” a hazard index with values below 1 (HI < 1) was obtained. In conclusion, there is a low toxicological risk to health in the population of Chancay who consume raw and cooked beetroot with the presence of cadmium and lead at concentrations that do not exceed the permissible limits established by the Codex Alimentarius.
Acceso abierto
Riesgo de alteraciones neurológicas por intoxicación crónica por mercurio en trabajadores mineros
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2020-02-22) Medina Sanchez, Lady; Rivera Lozada de Bonilla, Oriana
"Objetivo: Analizar y sistematizar la evidencia sobre Riesgo de alteraciones neurológicas por intoxicación crónica por mercurio en trabajadores mineros. Materiales y métodos: la revisión sistemática de los 10 artículos científicos fueron hallados en las siguientes bases de datos: Epystemonikos, Pubmed, Medline, EBSCO. Nos permitieron encontrar 10 evidencias científicas. Los artículos seleccionados se sometieron a una lectura crítica. la calidad de la evidencia y fuerza de las recomendaciones, fueron evaluadas con el Sistema GRADE para identificar el grado de evidencia. Resultados: de los 10 artículos revisados sistemáticamente el 40% (n=4/10) son revisiones sistemáticas, el 50% (n=5/10) son estudios transversales analíticos y el 10% (n=1/10) es estudio transversal descriptivo. Según los resultados obtenidos de la revisión sistemática realizada en el presente estudio, proceden de los países de Estados Unidos (40%), seguida de Suecia (10%), Brasil (10%), Indonesia (10%), Ghana (10%), Chile (10%) y Japón (10%). Considerando los diseños de investigación, se incluyó revisiones sistemáticas, estudios transversales, considerando que el 100% (n=10/10) la intoxicación crónica por mercurio provoca el riesgo de alteraciones neurológicas en trabajadores mineros. Conclusiones: en el 100% de los artículos revisados se evidenció, que la intoxicación crónica por mercurio provoca el riesgo de alteraciones neurológicas en trabajadores mineros."
Acceso abierto
Toxicidad de la quimioterapia y el estado nutricional en pacientes ambulatorios con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama en un hospital público – Concepción, Junín 2021–2022
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2024-06-05) Alvarado Zarate, Nathaly Deysy; Velásquez Acosta, Pablo Máximo
The nutritional status of cancer patients is a key factor for treatment success. The objective of this study was to determine the chemotherapy toxicity and nutritional status in ambulatory cancer patients diagnosed with breast cancer at a public hospital in Concepción, Junín, during 2021–2022. An inductive methodology with a non-experimental, descriptive, retrospective, and cross-sectional design was applied. Information was collected from 37 medical records that met the inclusion criteria. Results showed that 100% of patients were female, with the most frequent age group being 60–69 years (29.73%), clinical stage III B (40.54%), and SIS affiliation (97.30%). Chemotherapy toxicity was observed in 91.89% of patients, with digestive toxicity being the most prevalent (48.65%), followed by hematologic (16.22%) and hepatic (5.41%); in addition, 21.62% presented more than two types of toxicity. Regarding nutritional status, 37.85% were overweight according to BMI, while 78.37% showed good nutritional status based on percentage of weight loss. Digestive toxicity was associated with patients in normal nutritional status by BMI (18.92%) and in good nutritional status by percentage of weight loss (43.24%). In conclusion, chemotherapy toxicity was observed in 35.14% of overweight patients and in 72.97% of those with good nutritional status.
Acceso abierto
Toxicidad potencial in vitro por el método het-cam de bebidas nutracéuticas artesanales de casas naturistas del Cercado de Lima - 2024
(Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, 2025-05-16) Calle Fernández, Estefani; Flores Isuiza, Patricia; Guadalupe Sifuentes de Posadas, Luz Fabiola
Objective: To determine the in vitro toxicity of artisanal nutraceutical drinks sold in health food stores in Cercado de Lima 2024. Methodology: The research method used was analytical-descriptive, the quantitative approach, the type of research was basic and design descriptive level . The study population includes artisanal nutraceutical drinks from health food stores and consumers and volunteers who attend these establishments. For this part of the analysis, a sensory and regulatory analysis evaluation form for artisanal drinks from health food stores and an in vitro toxicity evaluation form (HET CAM) were used. Results: When determining the irritation category, of the 20 drinks analyzed, 9 of them were reported to be Non-Irritant , since they were within the range of 0.00-0.9; 11 of them were reported to be Mild Irritants since they were within the range 1.00-4.9 respectively. When identifying and describing the most recurrent specific effects, only bleeding could be seen in some samples. When determining the sensory response, organoleptic analysis, preference and probability of recommendation, this was high. When evaluating compliance with regulatory standards, our results showed a compliance of 61%, which is considered high and a satisfactory level. When evaluating the in vitro HET-CAM test, this method is appropriate for performing irritability index tests. Conclusions: The in vitro toxicity of nutraceutical drinks is null, therefore it is appropriate for consumption by people who use them for medicinal purposes.