Maternal risk factors associated with intrauterine fetal growth restriction

Abstract

Methodology: The review was conducted through electronic searches of various articles related to maternal risk factors associated with intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IUGR). The search sources were PUBMED, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. The descriptors used for information retrieval were the key terms: maternal risk factors and intrauterine fetal growth restriction. Articles published with research results from 2014 to 2021 were selected. Results: Thirty-one observational studies were selected. The prevalence of IUGR according to different authors ranges from 3.7% to 22.4%. In Peru, it is reported to range from 4.8% to 10.1%. Obstetric factors associated with IUGR were: adolescent age with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.26 to OR = 28.30; advanced maternal age with OR = 1.05 to OR = 9.1; prenatal control <7 visits with OR = 1.29 to OR = 6.43; short intergenetic period with OR = 1.78 to OR = 13.16; and pregestational maternal weight <50 kg with OR = 1.70 to OR = 8.60. Obstetric pathology factors associated with IUGR in most of the selected studies report preeclampsia with OR = 1.69 to OR = 66.54; anemia during pregnancy with OR = 2.18 to OR = 9.70; previous IUGR with OR = 3.26 to OR = 14.49; and preterm birth with OR = 3.58 to OR = 14.60. Conclusions: The prevalence of IUGR ranges from 3.7% to 22.4%. The main associated factors include extreme ages, insufficient prenatal control, short intergenetic period, and obstetric factors such as preeclampsia, anemia during pregnancy, and a history of IUGR.

El caso clínico presentado es de una gestante con edad de 40 años, multípara con edad gestacional de 41 semanas con diagnóstico de embarazo en vías de prolongación, cuyos factores de riesgo son edad materna avanzada, periodo internatal largo y multiparidad; presentando en la vigilancia fetal anteparto, el Test estresante una línea de base de 150 lpm., variabilidad de 5, presencia de desaceleraciones tardías leves en un 80% del trazado, desaceleraciones mixtas por comprensión funicular, movimientos fetales únicos aislados y con contracciones uterinas espontáneas de 3 en 10 minutos con resultado positivo no reactivo. Las cuales brindaron resultados para decidir en la culminación del embarazo, sometiéndola a una cesárea de emergencia, con resultado de un recién nacido vivo con APGAR 6 al primer minuto y APGAR 9 a los 5 minutos, peso 4050 gr, líquido amniótico meconial espeso